by admin | Nov 19, 2022 | Anatomy
I finished 1.5 pages of my research paper on burn victims and why tilapia skin is more of a beneficial treatment.
Your paper must be written for an audience with a grade 12 level of understanding ofgeneral biology.
Your paper must have no fewer than 10 peer reviewed references in the bibliography.
Your paper must be constructed around a) a hypothesis you are attempting to test, or b)a thesis of sufficient depth to serve as the basis for a literature review. You must receiveapproval from your instructor for the topic prior to generating your first draft.
Your paper must include the following components:o Historical review of the development of the scientific principles
o General explanation of the foundational biological principles of the thesis.
o Broader impacts of the application of the scientific principles to society includingethical, legal, cultural considerations.
Your paper must include an abstract (summary paragraph), Literature cited section inCSE format, and cited figures including one of your own design.
Formatted with 1” margins, 12 pt. font, and cover page.
Hypothesis or Thesis
Peer Reviewed References multiple
Historical Review like past studies done on this
Explanation of Foundational Biological Principles
Broader Impacts on Society (Ethical, legal, and cultural considerations)
Student generated figure
Appropriately written for lay audience
1.5 done do like 6 more pages
by admin | Nov 19, 2022 | Anatomy
RESEARCH PAPER: An original APA style five pages paper (a minimum of 1500 words, turned in as a hardcopy) will be due week 15. Topic areas may include 1) a biography of a famous scientist or physiologist detailing his/her contribution to the field of Physiology, 2) a commercial biotechnology product involving anatomy and physiology, 3) a genetic disease. Or 4) a disease affecting one of the body systems being studied). To avoid duplicate topics, or topics that are too broad to cover in 1500 words, you must submit two potential paper topics for review by week 6. A one-page outline is due week 11 and will be graded as an assignment. For full credit, papers must include a minimum of five references from at least three different types of resources (Textbooks & scientific peer publication, No web source(online websites). The paper will total 10% of the course grade.
BREAKDOWN OF YOUR PAPER
1. INTRODUCTION —CITATIONS
2. CAUSES OF THE DISEASE –CITATIONS
3. SYMPTOMS -CITATIONS
4. DIAGNOSIS — CITATIONS
5. TREATMENTS — CITATIONS
by admin | Nov 18, 2022 | Anatomy
Students must create a chapter journal describing a disease or illness that relates to the muscular system . Journal submissions must describe the disease or illness, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. All journal submissions must be written and cited in APA format the disease I chose was ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
by admin | Nov 18, 2022 | Anatomy
I included all posted instructions for the paper that were submitted by professor.
Paper must cover following.
1. Identify, discuss and define a disease and tell how it affects the body/specific organ (or organ system). Be sure to
include information about who gets the disease (age, race, gender) and how many people in the United States
have it.
2. Review how the same organ or organ system functions in a healthy individual, then discuss how the disease
affects that system. For example, if you were discussing asthma, you would first briefly describe how the lungs function in
a healthy person. You would then contrast that with what happens in the lungs of an asthmatic patient (trigger events such
as histamine secretion, resulting constriction of bronchioles, etc.)
3. Discuss what (if anything) is known about the genetic component of the disease. Questions to consider include but
aren’t limited to: How much of the disease is a result of genetics? How much depends on environment? Are there multiple
ways of developing the disease? Who gets the disease? How is it inherited (autosomal dominant, X-linked recessive, etc.)?
How common is it? Are there genetic tests to detect the disease (assuming it has a genetic component)?
4. Discuss current therapies doctors and other health care professionals use. Include drugs or drug classes and
BRIEFLY discuss how the drug(s) work.
5. Discuss future treatments or therapies (gene therapies, new drugs, vaccines, innovative surgical procedures, etc.).
paper GUIDELINES
Follow these guidelines precisely when creating your paper
Header/footer
Notice the header that appears at the top of each page of this document on the research project. Use the
header/footer function in Word or WordPerfect to write your names, the date, and Bio 202 at the top of your paper. For the header only use a 9-point type of one of the following fonts: Arial, Times-Roman,
Helvetica, Palatino.
Margins
Can be a maximum of 1 inch on all sides. However, it’s likely you’ll need to make your margins smaller to fit all
your information on one page. You can make your margins as small as your printer will allow, but you may not
use smaller that 10-point type (again choose from Arial, Times-Roman, Helvetica or Palatino).
Title should appear two (single) spaces down from the header (from the top of the page, hit return twice and start
typing title). Use bold, 12-point font for the title only, and center the title.
Body
Appears two, single spaces down from title. Use single-spaced 10- or 11-point font (Arial, Times-Roman,
Helvetica or Palatino) for the text of your summary. What size font you use may depend on how much
information you are trying to fit on one page. The paper should cover the questions listed under THE PROJECT
with one exception. You are NOT required to discuss how the healthy body operates nor very specifically how
the disease affects the body in the one-page summary. You will have ample time to cover this during the oral
presentation.
Citations
You will turn in two copies of your group’s one-page summary. The first copy should look like the example I’ve
given you and will NOT contain citations. This is the one I will use to make copies to hand out in class. The
second copy is only for me and will contain the one-page summary along with a second sheet of paper containing
a list of citations used to compile the paper.
Follow APA style to format citations and title the second page
(citations) “References Used.” Do not put a reference in the list unless information from the reference specifically
appears in the one-page summary.
Hint
Good writers know that the first draft is simply that—a draft.
The next page contains a sample one-page summary on lupus erythematosus I made for you.
Tasneem Ashraf Bio 202
August 12, 2022
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disorder, primarily strikes women of child-bearing age, though it
can also affect men and children. Lupus manifests when a patient’s immune system mistakenly begins to attack healthy
tissue in the body. This leads to inflammation and tissue damage.
Common SLE symptoms include extreme and/or chronic fatigue, osteoarthritis, kidney problems, skin rashes and sun
sensitivity. Chronic inflammation, which is a hallmark of the disease, can damage organs such as the heart, lungs and
central nervous system. Patients can experience long periods—sometimes even years—without symptoms, punctuated by
disease flare-ups. Generally, most patients lead normal, productive lives.
SLE is a chronic, non-fatal disease and is three times more common in African American women than in Caucasian
women. However, those of Asian, Native American and Hispanic descent also have a high rate of lupus. Nine out of 10
patients with SLE are women, a common statistic for many autoimmune diseases. SLE can run in families, but the risk
that offspring or siblings of an SLE patient will develop lupus is quite low.
There are three types of lupus: SLE, discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and drug-induced lupus. DLE mostly affects the
skin, producing a red rash across the cheeks and nose that resembles a wolf’s face. In fact, the disease derives its name
from the Latin word for wolf—lupus. Patients with DLE often later develop SLE. Drug-induced lupus can appear if a
patient takes prescription drugs known to produce lupus-like symptoms. The disease disappears when the patient
discontinues the medication.
Researchers aren’t sure what causes lupus, but believe a combination of genetic, environmental and perhaps hormonal
factors interact to produce the disease. Research suggests SLE is a polygenic disorder and that certain combination of
genes may make a person more susceptible to the disease. One line of research proposes that people with lupus carry a
defective gene(s) responsible for ridding the body of damaged or harmful cells (a process called apoptosis). If an
apoptotic gene is defective, harmful/damaged cells may stay in the body and injure other tissues. Other research suggests
that an autoimmune protein called interferon-alpha may induce the disease or that antibodies in lupus patients seem to
preferentially kill nerve cells by attaching to receptors located on neurons.
Though there is no one test for lupus, doctors can diagnose the disease based on the combined results of several tests. The
majority of these tests examine components of the patient’s immune system. For example, the antinuclear antibody
(ANA) test looks for autoantibodies that attack the nucleus of host cells. Other SLE autoantibody tests include anti-DNA,
anti-Sm (ribonuclear protein antibody), anti-RNP (cytoplasmic ribonuclear protein antibody) and anti-Ro (another nuclear
antibody). Physicians also commonly look for decreased complement levels (e.g. proteins C3, C4, CH50 and CH100) in the
blood, as complement levels typically drop during flare-ups.
There is no cure for SLE. Treatment for the disease varies depending on which symptoms are most prominent in the
individual. Generally, all patients benefit from bed rest and by reducing stress. Exposure to direct sunlight can cause
flare-ups or worsen symptoms, so a normal course of treatment includes avoiding the sun or wearing sunscreen.
Medications which treat the symptoms of lupus include anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, corticosteroids and
immunosuppressives. Corticosteroids such as prednisone are the cornerstone of lupus treatment and work to quickly
reduce inflammation by suppressing the immune system. Anti-inflammatories such as ibuprofen directly decrease joint
inflammation, pain and fever. If lupus affects the kidneys or the central nervous system, immunosuppressives can also
restrain the patient’s overactive immune system. Antimalarials treat pain, fatigue, rashes and lung inflammation. Doctors
aren’t sure why antimalarial medications work to relieve lupus symptoms, but think the drugs may, like other
immunosuppresives, rein in parts of the immune system.
Current research is as varied as the treatment options for lupus. Geneticists continue their search for the genes which be
involved in lupus. Clinical researchers are developing a drug that would reduce or negate the effects of interferon-alpha.
Other scientists are focusing instead on how lupus affects the nervous system. Still others are concentrating on why lupus
is so prevalent in women and what role hormones may play in bringing on the disease. One hypothesis suggests that fetal
cells may remain in the mother’s bloodstream for years and thus may trigger an unwanted immune system response.
by admin | Nov 17, 2022 | Anatomy
The topics of climate change and global warming seem to permeate the media. Do you feel that the media is simply exaggerating for the sake of a “scare tactic”? Or is there legitimate cause for the urgency? Although warming of the earth has been documented, which do you think has the greatest impact: natural or anthropogenic sources? Justify your response with recent data.
by admin | Nov 17, 2022 | Anatomy
Case Study Analysis: Integration of Anatomy and Physiology Case Analysis
Read the following 8 case studies on different body organs systems carefully.
After having clear understanding about those case studies, you must answer the five questions for each case mentioned in the Answer Sheet regarding the identification of the body organ/system related to that case study with their location and functions.
You have to type the answers in a separate page and upload it
.
Case 1. A patient with chest pain was admitted to rule out acute Ml. The enzymes and EKG were normal, and the Ml was ruled out. The cause of the chest pain was determined to be costochondritis.
Case 2. The patient was admitted to the hospital with dysphagia that was secondary to malignant neoplasm of the soft palate in the mouth.
Case 3. This 62-year old male had heart failure due to acute systolic and diastolic failure. The patient was admitted to CCU.
Case 4. A 44-year old male presented with acute calf pain with a palpable defect, loss of ROM, and loss of strength after sustaining a soft tissue injury to the lower leg. The differential diagnosis of tear of the medial head of the gastrocnemius was confirmed by physical examination and diagnostic USG imaging.
Case 5. This 75-year-old female patient has been treated for progressive increase of pain in her back. She is to the point that she is unable to move. She was brought to the hospital and X-rays revealed compression fractures of the dorsal vertebrae due to osteoporosis. An injection of anesthetic was done into the spinal canal.
Case 6. Mr. V is a 55-year-old alcoholic who checked into a clinic, complaining that he has been experiencing a persistent cough and feeling more fatigued, nauseous, and irritable. In addition, he is experiencing more frequent memory lapses. His stomach is distended, but on palpation, his liver is small in size and firm, indicating cirrhosis. Lab tests (including USG) indicate a decrease in hemoglobin, albumin, and prothrombin levels with elevated serum bilirubin and ammonia levels confirming the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis.
Case 7. This patient was admitted for gastrointestinal bleeding with melena. The EGD with biopsy reveals gastric carcinoma. The patient had a blood transfusion of packed cells for acute blood loss anemia.
Case 8. The patient was diagnosed Osteosarcoma of the proximal metaphysis of the tibia. CT scan reveals
metastasis to the right lung in the early stage of tumor development. Treatment involves surgical
excision of the tumor followed by chemotherapy.
